Molecular biogeography of prickly lettuce (lactuca serriola l.) shows traces of recent range expansion

Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L., Asteraceae), a wild relative of cultivated lettuce, is an autogamous species which greatly expanded throughout Western and Northern Europe during the last 2 centuries. Here, we present a large-scale biogeographic genetic analysis performed on a dataset represented by 2622 individuals from 110 wild European populations. Thirty-two maternally inherited chloroplast RFLP-markers and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci were used. Microsatellites revealed low genetic variation and high inbreeding coefficients within populations, as well as strong genetic differentiation between populations, which was in accordance with the autogamous breeding system. Analysis of molecular variance based clustering indicated the presence of 3 population clusters, which showed strong geographical patterns. One cluster occupied United Kingdom and part of Northern Europe, and characterized populations with a single predominant genotype. The second mostly combined populations from Northern Europe, while the third cluster grouped populations particularly from Southern Europe. Kriging of gene diversity for L. serriola corroborated northwards and westwards spread from Central (Eastern) Europe. Significant lower genetic diversity characterized the newly colonized parts of the range compared to the historical ones, confirming the importance of founder effects. Stronger pattern of isolation by distance was assessed in the newly colonized areas than in the historical areas (Mantel’s r = 0.20). In the newly colonized areas, populations at short geographic distances were genetically more similar than those in the historical areas. Our results corroborate the species’ recent and rapid northward and westward colonization from Eastern Europe, as well as a decrease of genetic diversity in recently established populations

Software-based implementation of dual connectivity for LTE

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.One of the major challenges of current mobile networks is to increase the per-user data rate without significant infrastructure cost and using the already existing physical resources, i.e., the bandwidth. In this sense, Dual Connectivity emerges as a promising solution for LTE and future 5G to increase the throughput with minor changes in current systems. This work presents the implementation of the U-Plane of Dual Connectivity for LTE using the open source software Open Air Interface with commodity hardware and the impact of this technology on UDP and TCP performance.This work has been supported by the European Project DualConnectivity Solution for ORCA (DALI) as part of the OpenCall 2 of H2020-ICT-2016-2017 (ORCA) project.Peer Reviewe

Implementation of the 3GPP LTE-WLAN Interworking Protocols in NS-3

The next generation wireless standard, called Fifth Generation (5G), is being designed to encompass Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) architectures consisting of a single holistic network with Multiple Radio Access Technologies (Multi-RAT). Multiple connectivity protocols and spectrum would be managed from a common core (management system) handling both: i) traditional macro cellular systems (such as LTE), that can provide long-range, outdoor coverage, as well as ii) low-power wireless systems with high capacity (such as Wi-Fi), that can be deployed to cater indoor traffic needs. 5G HetNets are expected to achieve ubiquitous connectivity that would guarantee Quality of Service (QoS), Quality of Experience (QoE) along with efficient use of spectrum and energy at low cost. Tightly coupled LTE-Wi-Fi networks have emerged as one of the promising solutions in the 5G era to boost network capacity and improve end user's quality of experience. LTE/Wi-Fi Link Aggregation (LWA) and LTE WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPSec Tunnel (LWIP) are two approaches put forward by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to enable flexible, general, and scalable LTE-WLAN inter-working. These techniques enable operator-controlled access of licensed and unlicensed spectrum and allow transparent access of operator's evolved core. The most important aspect of these techniques is that they could be enabled with straightforward software upgrades and can utilize the already existing Wi-Fi networks. This article presents and motivates the design details of LWA and LWIP protocols. We also present the first NS-3 LWA and LWIP implementations over Network Simulator 3 (NS-3). In particular, this work focuses on the adaptation and concurrent usage of different NS-3 modules and protocols of different technologies to enable the support of these interworking schemes

Molecular Biogeography of Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) Shows Traces of Recent Range Expansion

Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L., Asteraceae), a wild relative of cultivated lettuce, is an autogamous species which greatly expanded throughout Western and Northern Europe during the last 2 centuries. Here, we present a large-scale biogeographic genetic analysis performed on a dataset represented by 2622 individuals from 110 wild European populations. Thirty-two maternally inherited chloroplast RFLP-markers and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci were used. Microsatellites revealed low genetic variation and high inbreeding coefficients within populations, as well as strong genetic differentiation between populations, which was in accordance with the autogamous breeding system. Analysis of molecular variance based clustering indicated the presence of 3 population clusters, which showed strong geographical patterns. One cluster occupied United Kingdom and part of Northern Europe, and characterized populations with a single predominant genotype. The second mostly combined populations from Northern Europe, while the third cluster grouped populations particularly from Southern Europe. Kriging of gene diversity for L. serriola corroborated northwards and westwards spread from Central (Eastern) Europe. Significant lower genetic diversity characterized the newly colonized parts of the range compared to the historical ones, confirming the importance of founder effects. Stronger pattern of isolation by distance was assessed in the newly colonized areas than in the historical areas (Mantel's r = 0.20). In the newly colonized areas, populations at short geographic distances were genetically more similar than those in the historical areas. Our results corroborate the species' recent and rapid northward and westward colonization from Eastern Europe, as well as a decrease of genetic diversity in recently established populations

Data from: Molecular biogeography of prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) shows traces of recent range expansion

Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L., Asteraceae), a wild relative of cultivated lettuce, is an autogamous species which greatly expanded throughout Western and Northern Europe during the last two centuries. Here we present a large-scale biogeographic genetic analysis performed on a dataset represented by 2622 individuals from 110 wild European populations. Thirty-two maternally inherited chloroplast RFLP-markers and ten nuclear microsatellite loci were used. Microsatellites revealed low genetic variation and high inbreeding coefficients within populations, as well as strong genetic differentiation between populations, which was in accordance with the autogamous breeding system. AMOVA-based clustering indicated the presence of three populations clusters, which showed strong geographical patterns. One cluster occupied United Kingdom and part of Northern Europe, and characterized populations with a single predominant genotype. The second mostly combined populations from Northern Europe, while the third cluster grouped populations particularly from Southern Europe. Kriging of gene diversity for L. serriola corroborated northwards and westwards spread from Central (Eastern) Europe. Significant lower genetic diversity characterized the newly colonised parts of the range compared to the historical ones, confirming the importance of founder effects. Stronger pattern of isolation by distance was assessed in the newly colonised areas than in the historical areas (Mantel’s r=0.20). In the newly colonised areas, populations at short geographic distances were genetically more similar than those in the historical areas. Our results corroborate the species’ recent and rapid northward and westward colonisation from Eastern Europe, as well as a decrease of genetic diversity in recently established populations

Microsatellite_Lactuca_serriola_Europa_dAndrea_et_al

Microsatellite data in GenePop format for Lactuca serriola in Europ